Method And System For Operating A High Recovery Separation Process

ABSTRACT

A reverse osmosis system and method includes a feed pump pressurizing a feed stream, a first and second membrane array that generates permeate and brine streams. A first turbocharger uses first energy from the second brine stream to pressurize the first brine stream. A first and second auxiliary and bypass valves are associated with the first and second turbocharger. A second turbocharger uses second energy from the second brine stream to increase a second pressure of the feed stream. A first flow meter generates a first flow signal for the first permeate stream. A second flow meter generates a second flow signal for of the second permeate stream. A third flow meter generates a third flow signal for the second brine stream or the feed stream. A motor drives the first turbocharger or the feed pump. A controller controls the motor in response to the flow signals.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/411,198 filed on May 14, 2019, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/138,291, filed Sep. 21, 2018 (nowU.S. Pat. No. 10,336,630), which is a non-provisional application ofU.S. Application No. 62/562,694, filed Sep. 25, 2017, the disclosures ofwhich are incorporated by reference herein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to fluid separation systems,and, more specifically, to a method and system for using multiple energyrecovery device for multiple stages of fluid separation.

BACKGROUND

The statements in this section merely provide background informationrelated to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.

Reverse osmosis systems typically use one or more membrane housings thathave one or more membranes therein that are used to extract anessentially pure fluid from a solution. The desalination reverse osmosismembranes receive feed fluid from brackish or sea water and extractfresh water therefrom. Fresh water is extracted or separated when thepressure of the feed fluid exceeds the osmotic pressure of the fluidwhich allows permeate or product fluid to cross the semi-permeablereverse osmosis membrane. The fluid that is left on the input side tothe membrane becomes higher in salt concentration because fresh waterthat travels through the membrane does not include the salt. The waterthat passes through the membrane is referred to as permeate. Thepressure required to produce fresh water is proportional to theconcentration of the total dissolved solids (TDS) in this feed solutionwithin the reverse osmosis housing. For typical ocean water, theconcentration is about 35,000 parts per million (ppm) and thecorresponding osmotic pressure is about 450 pounds per square inch (psi)(3,102 kPa). For 70,000 ppm feed fluid, the osmotic pressureapproximately doubles to 900 psi (about 6,205 kPa). A typical seawaterreverse osmosis system uses a series of membranes that recover up toabout 45% of the fresh water and generate about 55% concentrate brinefrom the original volume of seawater. The net driving pressure (NDP)equals the feed pressure minus the osmotic pressure. The net drivingpressure is the pressure energy available to drive pure fluid across themembrane.

Referring now to FIG. 1A, a reverse osmosis system 10 according to theprior art includes a membrane array 12 that generates a permeate streamthrough permeate pipe 14 and a brine stream through a brine pipe 16 froma feed stream in a feed pipe 18. The feed stream originates from asource 19 typically includes brackish or sea water. A feed pump 20coupled to a motor 22 pressurizes the feed stream 18 to a requiredpressure, and the feed stream 18 enters the membrane array 12 at therequired pressure.

The membrane array 12 includes a membrane housing or pressure vessel 24and a membrane 26. The portion of the feed stream 18 that flows throughthe membrane 26 before exiting the membrane array 12 forms the permeatestream 14 that exits through the permeate pipe 14. The portion of thefeed stream 18 that does not flow through the membrane 26 before exitingthe membrane array 12 forms the brine stream that exits in the brinepipe 16.

The permeate stream 14 is a purified fluid flow at a low pressure thatcollects in a tank 28 or is piped to a desired location. The brinestream 16 is a higher pressure stream that contains dissolved materialsblocked by the membrane 26. The pressure of the brine stream 16 is onlyslightly lower than the feed stream 18. A control valve 30 may be usedto regulate the flow through and pressure in the membrane array 12. Thebrine stream 16 may flow through the control valve 30 and into a drainor tank 32.

Referring now to FIG. 1B, the membrane 26 of FIG. 1A is typically formedof a plurality of elements 40. The elements 40 are typically formed in acylindrical shape by rolling a plurality of sheets and spacers together.In this example a first sheet 42 and a second sheet 44 are gluedtogether on three sides with the fourth side being in gluedcommunication with the central collection tube 46 communicates permeateto a desired location as indicated by arrow 48. Brine which may also bereferred to as reject 50 does not enter the collection tube 46. Thesheets and the spacers glued between the membrane sheets 42 and 44 toallow the sheet 44 to stay slightly apart and allow permeate to flow tothe collection tube 46. A second spacer sheet 54 is used to keep themembrane sheets slightly apart and allow the axial flow through theelement and allow brine or reject 50 to flow therethrough.

Referring now to FIG. 1C, an inlet pipe 60 fluidically communicatesfluid into the pressure vessel 24. A flow distributor 62 distributesfluid to the reverse osmosis elements 40A-40E rather than around theelements 40A-40E. The fluid distributor 62 spreads the fluid flowradially across the surface of element 40A. The seal 64 allows fluidfrom the distributor 62 to not circumvent the first element 40A. Theflow continues through the elements 40A-40E sequentially. Permeatecollection tubes 46A, 46B, 46C, 46D and 46E receive the permeate fromeach respective element 40A-40E. Connectors 66A-66D join successivecollection tubes 46A-46E. An anti-telescoping device 68 may be used tomaintain the position of the elements 40A-40E relative to the flowdistributor 62. In most applications between three and eight elementsare used. Five of which are used in this example. A brine exit pipe 70is used to emit the brine from the pressure vessel 24. Permeate exitcollection tube flows in a direction indicated by the arrow 48.

As the feed progresses from element to element, the amount of totaldissolved solids increases until the brine exits the pipe 70. Theosmotic pressure is mostly determined by the concentration of the totaldissolved solids. Each succeeding element experiences a higherconcentration and thus higher osmotic pressure and lower Net DrivingPressure than the preceding element. Consequently, each successfulelement has lower permeate production than the preceding element. Aminimum Net Driving Pressure for sea water in an RO system is about 100psi (689.5 kPa). An initial feed pressure must be substantially higherthan the initial osmotic pressure to ensure sufficient Net DrivingPressure available toward the end of the array. A typical pressure maybe about 800 psi (5516 kPa) while the osmotic pressure is about 450 psi(3103 kPa) which yields a Net Driving Pressure of 350 psi (2413 kPa) forthe first element. At the end of the array the osmotic pressure may be700 psi (4826 kPa) which reduces the Net Driving Pressure to 100 psi(689.5 kPa). A high initial Net Driving Pressure is wasteful because thepressure is much higher than needed for an optimal rate of permeateproduction. In an ideal situation, the feed pressure would steadilyincrease to compensate for the increasing osmotic pressure resulting ina constant net driving pressure throughout the array.

Another issue with reverse osmosis systems is polarization. Polarizationis the formation of a stagnant boundary layer adjacent to the membranesurface where the concentration of salinity and foulant becomes veryhigh. Polarization occurs when the flow velocity through the membraneelements is reduced to a certain value. Polarization typically becomessevere when flow velocity drops to below fifty percent relative to theinlet flow velocity of the first element. The typical amount of permeatethat can be recovered is about fifty percent or lower and may have atypical range between thirty-eight and forty-five percent.

Referring now to FIG. 2A, one way in which to achieve higher permeaterecovery is employing a first set of pressure vessels 210A, 210B whichfeed a second set of pressure vessels 210C. In this example, twopressure vessels are illustrated in a first stage 212 and a singlepressure vessel is illustrated in a second stage 214. This type ofconfiguration is referred to as a 2:1 array. Feed fluid enters a feedmanifold 220 which is distributed between the pressure vessels 210A and210B. The brine exits the pressure vessels 210A and 210B through a brinemanifold 224 to pressure vessel 210C in the second stage 214. Permeateexits the pressure vessels 210A and 210B through a permeate manifold228. The permeate manifold 228 is also in communication with thepermeate generated in the pressure vessel 210C. The higher concentratedbrine is removed from the pressure vessel 210C through a brine pipe 230.Of course, other types of array configurations are known such as a 3:2and 4:3. For three-stage systems 6:4:2 configurations have been used.Two-stage systems have permeate recovery of about fifty percent toseventy-five percent. Three stage systems may also recover up to abouteighty-five percent of permeate.

A second example of a two-stage system is illustrated in FIG. 2B. Inthis example, a boost pump 240 is used between the two stages. That is,the boost pump 240 is in communication with the brine manifold 224 andboosts the pressure in the brine manifold 224 to a desirable pressure tocompensate the losses in the Net Driving Pressure that occur within thepressure vessels 210A and 210B of the first stage 212. Energy recoverydevices such as turbochargers are known to be used in reverse osmosissystems to recover the hydraulic energy in a brine stream that exit thelast stage and boosts the pressure of another stream such as the feedstream.

In FIG. 3A a pressure vessel 310 has a brine stream 312 that is directedto a turbocharger 314 that has a pump portion 316 and a turbine portion318. The turbine portion 318 receives the highly pressurized brinestream 312 which in turn is used to drive the pump 316 that receivesfeed fluid from a high pressure pump 320. The high pressure pump 320 isdriven by a motor 322. The turbine 318 may also be connected to a motor330 through a common shaft 332. The motor 330 is driven by a variablefrequency device 334. During operation, the feed fluid is pressurized toan intermediate level by the high pressure pump 320. The final pressureof the feed fluid is attained by the pump portion 316 of theturbocharger 314. The pump portion 316 provides the feed fluid to thepressure vessel 310 through a feed pipe 340. Permeate leaves thepressure vessel through the permeate pipe 342.

A variable frequency drive 324 is used to drive the pump 320. However,if a motor 330 and variable frequency drive 334 are provided at theturbine 318, the variable frequency drive 324 is not necessary. Tin somecases, motor 330 may act as a generator should the turbine portion 318produce more power than needed by pump portion 316 to generate thedesired feed boost. Fluid that has been depressurized in the turbineportion 318 is received within a drain 349.

A reverse osmosis system having a first stage 350 and a second stage 352is illustrated by FIG. 3B. The first stage 350 is illustrated having afirst pressure vessel 353 while the second stage is illustrated having asecond pressure vessel 354. The permeate from each stage 350, 352 iscollected in a permeate manifold 356. A brine manifold 358 is incommunication with a turbocharger 360 that has a pump portion 362 and aturbine portion 364. A turbine portion 364 receives the pressurizedbrine fluid from the brine manifold 358 and turns the pump portion 362to pressurize the brine fluid within the brine manifold 366 exiting fromthe first pressure vessel 353. A motor 370 and variable frequency drive372 may also be used in this configuration. The motor 370 is used toadjust the motor speed of the turbine portion 364 which in turn raisesthe speed and pressure output of the pump portion 362. Thus, the motor370 may be used to increase or reduce the boost from the pump portion362.

Referring now to FIG. 4A, a turbocharger 410 is illustrated having apump portion 412 and a turbine portion 414. The turbine includes a mainnozzle 416 and an auxiliary nozzle 418 which is controlled by anauxiliary valve 420. A bypass valve 422 is located outside of theturbocharger 410 and may be used to control the amount of fluidbypassing the turbine portion 414. The entire or nearly the entireamount of fluid directed toward the turbocharger 410 may be communicatedto the bypass valve 422. A backpressure valve 424 is in fluidcommunication with the outlet of the turbine portion 414 and or thevalve 422. The backpressure valve 424 is used to create a backpressureon the turbine portion 414. The flow through the pipe 430 is regulatedby the bypass valve 422. The controller 426 controls the operation ofthe auxiliary valve 420 through control line 432A. The operation of thebypass valve through control line 432B and the control of the backpressure valve 424 through control line 432C. Typically, a systemoperator changes the settings to open and enclose the valves in thedesired manner.

Referring now to FIG. 4B, the turbine differential versus turbine flow450 has the auxiliary valve 420 in a closed position. Line 452illustrates the differential pressure with the auxiliary valve open overa turbine flow range. Curve 454 shows the estimated feed pressure boostwith the auxiliary nozzle in the fully opened position. Curve 456 showsthe feed boost with the auxiliary nozzle fully closed. The graphillustrates 460, 462, 464 and 466. Area 460 is entirely within theauxiliary nozzle range and has the bypass valve 422 fully closed and thebackpressure valve 424 fully opened. Area 462 extends into the regionwhich the turbine cannot create enough flow resistance to achieve thedesired AP at the indicated flow range. Therefore backpressure valve 424must be partially closed. Area 464 extends into the bypass region thatillustrates that the turbine cannot bypass the entire flow. Therefore,the bypass valve 422 and turbine is needed to handle the excess flow. Inarea 466 a portion is in the backpressure and a portion in the bypassregion. Therefore, bypass valve 422 and the backpressure valve 424 areactuated appropriately. That is, the areas 462, 464, 466 are manipulatedby the valves 422 and 424 so that the turbine operates between thecurves 450 and 452.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, an energy recovery device 510 is illustratedhaving with a main inlet nozzle 512 that receives a brine stream. Theinlet nozzle 512 communicates inlet fluid such as the brine stream to avolute 514. An auxiliary channel 520 is used to communicate fluidthrough an auxiliary nozzle 522. A valve stem 524 is manually operatedto open and close the auxiliary nozzle 522. A seal 526 such as an 0-ringor 0-rings prevent leaking of brine toward the handle 528 and adjacentto the valve stem 524 from being communicated to the atmosphere. Thevalve stem 524 in FIG. 5A is shown in a closed position. According toFIG. 5B, the valve stem 524 is illustrated in an open position to showthe valve seat 530 against which the end of the valve stem 524 seals.When additional turbine flow or a reduced differential pressure isrequired across the turbine the valve stem 524 may be withdrawn tocreate a flow path from the turbine inlet to the volute through thepassage or auxiliary nozzle 522.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a method and system for a reverseosmosis system that includes a pump pressurizing a feed stream, a firstmembrane array generates a first permeate and brine stream from the feedstream. A second membrane array receives the first brine stream andgenerates a second permeate brine stream from the first brine stream. Afirst energy recovery device uses first energy from the second brinestream to increase a first pressure of the first brine stream. A firstauxiliary and bypass valves are associated with the first energyrecovery device. A second energy recovery device uses second energy fromthe second brine stream to increase a second pressure of the feedstream. A second auxiliary and bypass valves are associated with thesecond energy recovery device. A first flow meter generates a first flowsignal for the first permeate stream. A second flow meter generates asecond flow signal for of the second permeate stream. A third flow metergenerates a third flow signal for the second brine stream. A motordrives the first energy recovery device. A controller controls the firstauxiliary valve, the first bypass valve, the second auxiliary valve andthe second bypass in response to the first flow signal, the second flowsignal and the third flow signal.

In another aspect of the disclosure, a method of operating a reverseosmosis system includes directing a feed stream to a first membranearray to separate the feed stream into a first permeate stream and afirst brine stream, directing the first brine stream to a secondmembrane array to separate the first brine stream into a second permeatestream and a second brine stream, determining a first flow signalcorresponding to a first flow in the first permeate stream, determininga second flow signal corresponding to a second flow in the secondpermeate stream, determining a third flow signal corresponding to athird flow in the second brine stream, determining a first auxiliarynozzle valve setting and a first bypass valve setting in response to thefirst flow signal and the third flow signal, determining a secondauxiliary nozzle valve setting and a second bypass valve setting inresponse to the second flow signal and the third flow signal andcontrolling a torque output of a motor-generator coupled to a firstturbocharger to adjust an amount by which a first hydraulic boosterincreases a pressure of at least one of the feed stream and the firstbrine stream in response to the first flow signal.

Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the descriptionprovided herein. It should be understood that the description andspecific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and arenot intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a prior art reverse osmosis system.

FIG. 1B is a perspective view of a permeate membrane showing the layerstherein of the prior art.

FIG. 1C is a cutaway view of a pressure vessel having a plurality ofmembrane elements of the prior art.

FIG. 2A is a block diagrammatic view of a multistage multi-elementpressure vessel configuration of the prior art.

FIG. 2B is a schematic view of a multi-element pressure vessel accordingto the prior art.

FIG. 3A is a schematic view of a reverse osmosis system with a motorcoupled to a turbocharger of the prior art.

FIG. 3B is a schematic view of a reverse osmosis system according to theprior art.

FIG. 4A is a schematic view of a turbocharger having a bypass valve andan auxiliary valve according to the prior art.

FIG. 4B is a plot of a method for operating a reverse osmosis systemshowing a turbine and feed boost differential and turbine flow.

FIG. 5A is a cutaway view of a turbocharger having an auxiliary nozzleof the prior art.

FIG. 5B is a cutaway view of the turbine illustrated in FIG. 5A in anopen position of the prior art.

FIG. 6A is a schematic view of a multistage reverse osmosis systemaccording to the above disclosure.

FIG. 6B is a schematic view of a multistage reverse osmosis system.

FIG. 6C is a schematic view of a multistage reverse osmosis systemaccording to a third example of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7A is a cross-sectional view of a turbocharger bypass channel andauxiliary channel having a valve stem in a closed position.

FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional view of the turbocharger of FIG. 7A havingthe valve stem in a partially opened position.

FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional view of the turbocharger of FIGS. 7A and 7Bin a fully opened position.

FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of a turbocharger having independentcontrol of a bypass valve stem and an auxiliary nozzle.

FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view of the turbocharger of FIG. 8A havingthe bypass channel valve stem in an open position.

FIG. 9A is a block diagrammatic view of a reverse osmosis system havingmultiple stages according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 9B is a chart illustrating the operation of the interstage turbo940 of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 9C is a chart illustrating the configuration of the auxiliary valveand bypass valve for the feed turbo 922 of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method for operating the reverse osmosissystem of FIG. 9A.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method for operating a reverse osmosissystem when the brine pressure is insufficient to achieve a desiredboost.

FIG. 12A is a block diagrammatic view of a second example of a reverseosmosis system having multiple stages according to the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 12B is a chart illustrating the operation of the system of FIG.12A.

FIG. 13A is a block diagrammatic view of a third example of a reverseosmosis system having multiple stages according to the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 13B is a chart illustrating the operation of the system of FIG.13A.

FIG. 14 is a block diagrammatic view of a fourth example of a reverseosmosis system having three stages according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 15A is a block diagrammatic view of a fifth example of a reverseosmosis system having multiple stages according to the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 15B is a chart illustrating the operation of the system of FIG. 15.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description is merely exemplary in nature and is notintended to limit the present disclosure, application, or uses. Forpurposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in thedrawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the phrase atleast one of A, B, and C should be construed to mean a logical (A or Bor C), using a non-exclusive logical or. It should be understood thatsteps within a method may be executed in different order withoutaltering the principles of the present disclosure.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a reverse osmosis system 610 is having a firststage 612 and a second stage 614. The first stage 612 includes threepressure vessels 620A, 620B and 620C that are disposed in parallel. Thesecond stage 614 includes 620D and 620E. Various numbers of pressurevessels may be located in each of the stages 612, 614. Further, variousnumbers of stages may be included in the system. Flow is reduced as thefluid progresses through the stages so subsequent stages have fewerpressure vessels than the previous stages.

A high pressure pump 630 receives sea or brackish water. The highpressure pump 630 supplies an energy recovery device such as a hydraulicturbocharger 632 with highly pressurized fluid. The turbocharger 632 aswill be further described below increases the pressure of the fluidprovided from the high pressure pump system 630. The turbocharger 632includes a pump portion 634 and a turbine portion 636. The turbocharger632 may be in communication with a motor 637 that rotates a common shaft639 that extends to and rotates the pump portion 634 and the turbineportion 636. The pump portion 634 is in fluid communication with a feedmanifold 638 which provides the pressurized fluid to the pressure vessel620A-620C in parallel. The pressure vessels 620A-620C produce permeatewhich is directed to a permeate manifold 640. The brine from thepressure vessels 620A-620C are provided to a second turbocharger 642which includes a pump portion 644 and a turbine portion 646 through abrine manifold 648. The pump portion 644 receives highly pressurizedbrine fluid from the pressure vessel 620A-620C. The pump portion 644increases the pressure of the fluid within the brine manifold 648. Thus,the fluid pressure in an inlet manifold 650 to the second stage 614 ofpressure vessels 620D-620E is increased. Permeate produced at thepressure vessels 620D and 620E are in communication with the permeatemanifold 640. The brine from the pressure vessels 620D and 620E is incommunication with brine manifold 654 which is in communication with theturbine portion 646 of the turbocharger 642. The pressurized fluid inthe brine manifold 654 drives the turbine portion 644 which in turndrives the pump portion 644.

The turbine portion 646 has an outlet 656 that communicates the entirevolume of brine from the turbine portion 646 to the inlet of the turbineportion 636. The outlet of the turbine portion 636 is communicatedfluidically to a drain 658.

Referring now to FIG. 6B, a three stage multi-stage reverse osmosissystem 10′ is illustrated. In this example, three stages 612′, 614′ and615′ are illustrated. Although only one pressure vessel 620A, 620D and620F are illustrated in each stage, the pressure vessels 620A-620F mayrepresent multiple pressure vessels in parallel. Following the exampleset forth in FIG. 6A, the first stage may have a greater number ofpressure vessels than stage 614′ and stage 614′ may have a greaternumber of pressure vessels than the stage 615′.

Because of the additional stage, an additional turbocharger 662 having apump portion 664 and a turbine portion 666 is set forth. In thisexample, the brine pump manifold 654′ is in communication with the thirdturbocharger 662. The outlet of each of the three pressure vesselsillustrated (or the parallel combination of pressure vessels) is influid communication with permeate manifold 640. In this example the pumpportion 664 communicates fluid to an inlet pipe 670 of the pressurevessel 620F. The brine outlet 672 of the pressure vessel 620F is fluidcommunication with the turbine portion 666. All of the fluid leaving theturbine portion is communicated to the turbine portion 646 through pipe674. All of the fluid leaving the turbine portion 646 is incommunication with the turbine portion 636.

Referring now to FIG. 6C, a three stage reverse osmosis system 610″ isset forth. In this example the three stages 612″, 614″ and 615″ may alsoinclude a plurality of pressure tanks in parallel. Similar elements areillustrated from that of FIG. 6B. In this example, the second stageturbocharger 642 has been removed. In this example a pipe 678 is used tocommunicate the turbine portion 666 with the turbine portion 636directly. All of the brine fluid communicated through the turbineportion 666 is communicated to the turbine portion 636.

Referring now to FIGS. 7A-7C, the turbochargers illustrated in FIGS.6A-6B may be formed according to the following configuration for aturbocharger 710 illustrated below. The turbocharger 710 includes aturbocharger housing 712. The turbocharger housing 712 includes a volute714 that has a rotating impeller therein. The impeller has been left offfor simplicity purposes. The turbocharger 710 includes an inlet 716 thatleads to the volute 714 through a main nozzle 717. A bypass passage 718is used for bypassing the volute 714. The bypass passage 718 is in fluidcommunication with the inlet 716 and an outlet 719. An auxiliary nozzle720 is in fluid communication with an auxiliary channel 722. Theauxiliary channel 722 fluidically couples the auxiliary nozzle 720 andthe inlet 716. A valve stem 730 is located within a stem channel 732.The stem channel 732 is fluidically isolated from the auxiliary channel722 and the bypass passage 718 by a pair of seals 736 and 738. The seal736 is located between the auxiliary channel 722 and the bypass passage718. The seal 738 is located between the bypass passage 718 and theexterior of the housing 712.

In FIG. 7A, the valve stem 730 is located in a closed position in thatthe bypass passage 718 and the auxiliary channel 722 are notcommunicating fluid therethrough. All of the brine flow from the inlet716 reaches the volute 714 through main nozzle 717. In FIG. 7B, thevalve stem 730 is partially withdrawn to allow flow into the auxiliarynozzle 720. Brine flow is not communicated through the bypass passage718. By positioning the valve stem 730 in the location illustrated inFIG. 7B, additional turbine flow or reduced pressure differential acrossthe turbine is achieved. No flow exits through the outlet 719.

The valve stem 730 includes a plurality of ports 740A, 740B, 740C and740D. The ports 740A-D may be within the bypass passage 718 in whichthey are present during some of the positions of the valve stem 730. InFIG. 7A the ports 740 are not passing fluid therethrough and are betweenthe bypass passage 718 and the auxiliary channel 722. In FIG. 7B, theports 740A-740D are also not communicating fluid therethrough. In FIG.7C the ports 740A-740D are all communicating a portion of the bypassfluid therethrough so that the bypass passage 718 has flow of fluidtherethrough. The size and number of the ports 740A-740D may varydepending upon the desired flow characteristics through the bypasspassage 718. Of course, a partial position is possible whereby fewerthan all of the ports 740A-740D are exposed to and communicate fluidthrough the bypass passage 718 toward the outlet 719. Again, the numberof ports and the number of exposed ports may vary depending upon thevarious operating conditions of the valve stem 730. It should be notedthat the valve stem 730 is perpendicular to a portion of the bypasspassage 718 and the auxiliary channel 722 to which it is inserted. Thevalve stem 730 is coaxial with the auxiliary nozzle 720. The valve stem730 allows simultaneous control of both the bypass passage 718 and theauxiliary nozzle 720 through the auxiliary channel 722. A single valveactuator 750 may be used to move the valve. The valve actuator may behydraulic or electrical or manual.

Referring now to FIGS. 8A-8B, a turbocharger 810 is illustrated having ahousing 812. The same parts are labeled the same from that set forth inFIG. 7A-7B. In this example, the auxiliary channel 722 and the inlet 716are configured in the same manner. However, in this example a bypasspassage 816 is illustrated having a different configuration than thatset forth in FIG. 7A-7C. In this example the bypass passage 816 passesthrough an outer wall 817 but does not cross the path of the valve stem830. The valve stem 830 is modified from that is set forth in FIGS.7A-7C by not including the ports 740A-740D. One of the seals 736, 738may also be removed. In this example the valve actuator 750 actuates thevalve stem 830 to open and close the auxiliary nozzle 720 without regardto the bypass passage 718.

In this example, a second valve stem 860 is illustrated within thebypass passage 816. That is, the valve stem 860 under movement of theactuator 862 opens and closes the bypass passage 816 independently fromthat of the valve stem 830. The valve stems 830 and 860 areperpendicular to each other in this example. The valve stems 830 and 860do not cross paths. A seal 864 seals the bypass passage 816 from theenvironment through the housing 812. The valve stem 860 seals against avalve seat 866 when closed.

In FIG. 8B, the valve stem 860 is shown in a withdrawn manner to allowflow to flow through the bypass passage 816 to an outlet 818. Valve stem830 may be in any position relative to the position of the valve stem860.

Valve seat 870 seals valve stem 830 against the opening of the auxiliarynozzle 720 to seal flow from entering the auxiliary nozzle 720.

Referring now to FIG. 9A, a separation system such as reverse osmosissystem 910 is set forth. To achieve a maximum benefit, each interstageenergy recovery device should produce the desired amount of feedpressure boost to attain the permeate production requirement and upholdthe brine flow at a set value. Further, each pressure vessel in eachstage should have approximately the same feed flow, brine flow andpermeate flow. All or nearly all of the brine hydraulic energy may berecovered regardless of the amount of pressure boost required by theenergy recovery devices. In seawater reverse osmosis systems, thehydraulic energy required for optimal interstage pressure boosting issignificantly lower than the amount of available energy so a means isneeded to recover the remaining energy. In brackish reverse osmosissystems, insufficient brine energy may be available thus requiring meansto add energy to the interstage boosting process. The reverse osmosissystem 910 illustrated in FIG. 9A obtains these improved results.

The reverse osmosis 910 has a high pressure pump 920 that acts as a feedpump. The high pressure pump 920 communicates high pressure fluid to theturbocharger 922. The turbocharger 922 has a pump portion 924 and aturbine portion 926. The pump portion 924 pressurizes the fluid from thehigh pressure pump 920 to a higher pressure and communicates the higherpressure fluid through an inlet pipe 928 prior to entry within thepressure vessel 930. Although only one pressure vessel is illustratedmultiple parallel pressure vessels may be provided. The permeategenerated from the pressure vessel 930 is communicated to a permeatemanifold 932. A second pressure vessel 936 is also provided in thesystem. Again, the pressure vessel 936 may be one pressure vessel or aplurality of pressure vessels in parallel. The pressure vessel 936receives brine communicated from the pressure vessel 930. That is, thepressure vessel 930 has a brine outlet 938 that communicates brine to asecond turbocharger 940. A turbocharger 940 has a pump portion 942 and aturbine portion 944. The pump portion 942 increases the pressure of thebrine fluid within the pump portion 942. The brine fluid with increasedpressure is communicated to an inlet pipe 946 of the pressure vessel 936(or in the case of multiple pressure vessels to each of the pressurevessels).

The outlet of the pressure vessel 936 is both permeate and brine. Thepermeate of the pressure vessel 936 is communicated through a pipe 950to the permeate manifold 932. The brine outlet 954 of the pressurevessel 936 is communicated to the inlet of the turbine portion 944 ofthe turbocharger 940.

The turbine portion 926 of the turbocharger 922 may also be incommunication with a motor 960. The motor 960 has a shaft 961 thatrotates with the pump portion 924 and the turbine portion 926. The motormay be in electrical communication with a power supply 962. The powersupply 962 may provide power to the motor or receive power when themotor 960 acts as a generator.

Each turbine portion 926 and 944 may be configured with a respectivebypass valve 964,966. As illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, both bypassvalves and auxiliary nozzles may be included within the turbines 926 and944. The external bypass valve 964 and 966 may pass fluid around theturbine portions 926 and 944 respectively. The bypass valves 964 and 966may be internal to the turbine portions 926, 944.

A controller 970 is in communication with a first flow meter FM1 andsecond flow meter FM2 through a data line 972. The flow meter FM1 isdisposed to receive the permeate outlet flow of the first pressurevessel 930 and generate a first permeate flow signal. The second flowmeter FM2 is disposed to receive the permeate outlet of the secondpressure vessel 936 and generate a second permeate flow signal. Acontroller 970 may monitor the flow signals of the outputs of both ofthe pressure vessels 930, 936 individually.

As was the case above with respect to FIG. 6A, the turbine portion 944communicates the brine flow from the second pressure vessel 936 to theturbine 926 through a pipe 963. That is, all of the flow from the secondpressure vessel 936 is communicated through both the turbine portion 944and the turbine portion 926. Ultimately, the turbine outlet 974 ismeasured by a flow meter FM3 which is in communication with thecontroller 970 through the control line 976 the flow meter FM3 generatesa third flow signal corresponding to brine flow through the system. Theturbine 926 ultimately communicates the brine fluid to drain 978.Preferably, most of the energy of the brine fluid has been recoveredwithin the series formation of the turbines 926 and 944.

The controller 970 is also in electrical communication with the controllines 981 and 983. Further, the bypass valve actuators (not specificallyillustrated) associated with valves 964, 966, 980 and 982 may also becontrolled by the controller 970 using the control lines 981, 983 inresponse to the flow signals.

A control line 983 may be used to control the motor 960 in response tothe flow signals. It is also known that various other sensors such aspressure indicators, salinity meters, temperature indicators may all beused to monitor the membrane performance within the pressure vessels930, 936. However, for clarity, they have been omitted from FIG. 9A.

In operation, adjusted auxiliary and bypass valves as well as anybackpressure valves, if they are used, are used to obtain the brine flowrequirements and generate the desired amount of pressure boost isdesirable according to Equation 1:

P_(tc) =n*(Q _(t) /Q _(f))*(P _(t) −P _(ex))   [13]

-   -   P_(tc)=turbocharger feed pressure boost    -   n=transfer efficiency    -   Q_(t)=turbine flow    -   Q_(f)=feed flow    -   P_(t)=turbine inlet pressure    -   P_(ex)=turbine outlet pressure    -   Also    -   Q_(b)=brine flow from final stage    -   Q_(by)=brine bypass flow    -   Q_(t)=Q_(b)−Q_(by)        The value P_(t) for the final pressure boosters established by        the brine pressure of the final stage. For each successive        energy recovery device P_(t)=P_(ex) of the recovery device of        the next higher stage. It is, in FIG. 6B, for example, P_(t) for        the energy recovery device 662 equals the brine pressure in the        pipe 672. The energy recovery device 642 has a turbine inlet        pressure P_(t) equal to the turbine outlet pressure from the        turbine portion 666. The turbocharger 632 has a turbine inlet        pressure equal to the turbine outlet pressure of the turbine        portion 646. The outlet pressure of the turbine portion 636 is        about 15-20 psi or about 1.0-1.4 bar.

From the above Equation [1] reducing the turbine flow or increasing theturbine outlet pressure reduces the turbocharger feed pressure boost.The turbine flow can be reduced by closing the auxiliary nozzle whileopening the bypass valve to increase the bypass flow to maintain thebrine flow for the final stage. In FIG. 9A, for example, boost maydecrease without changing the brine flow. The auxiliary nozzle valve 980may be closed to reduce the turbine flow and hence reduce the pressureboost per the above equation but keep the brine flow constant. Thebypass valve 966 may be opened to increase the bypass flow. Thus,simultaneous control of the brine flow as well as the feed pressureboost may be controlled. From analysis of membrane array performance,the permeate flow through a given area of a membrane, which may bereferred to as flux or flux rate may be held constant along the entiremembrane array of every stage. This can be approximated in a multistagesystem by keeping the average flux rate of each stage the same. Eachpressure vessel in every state may have approximately the same feedflow, brine flow and permeate flow while increasing pressures from stageto stage to keep the net driving pressure approximately constant.Various process requirements may require a different permeateproduction. In such a case, every stage may be adjusted to maintainuniformity and feed flow, brine flow and permeate flow from each of thepressure vessels in each stage.

Referring now to FIGS. 9B and 9C a control scheme for a two stage systemis illustrated. In FIG. 9B, the control of the interstage turbocharger940 is set forth if the (second in example) stage permeate flow rateQ_(p) (from FM2) is too high (above a first threshold), a pressure boostfrom the turbocharger 940 may be reduced by closing the auxiliary valveas indicated by the down arrow in FIG. 9B in the top row. As well, thebypass valve 966 may be opened. If the permeate flow is too low (below asecond threshold) as indicated by the flow meter FM2, the auxiliaryvalve is opened and the bypass valve is closed to increase boost. In thethird row of FIG. 9B, if the brine flow is too high as indicated by FM3(above a third threshold), the auxiliary nozzle valve 980 is closed andthe bypass valve 966 is also closed. If the brine flow is too low (belowa fourth threshold), the auxiliary nozzle valve 980 and the bypass valve966 is opened to reduce the brine flow restriction.

When reviewing the equation, a combination of low permeate flow and highbrine flow may appear contradictory in control action because theauxiliary valve would be adjusted in opposite directions. However,control logic would iterate the bypass valve to be increasingly closeduntil both the flow of permeate and the flow of brine have achieved setpoint values. It should be noted that there are no pairs of permeateflow and brine flow table entries that require exactly the same controlvalve adjustment thus providing the controller the necessary freedom toset all set points. The auxiliary valve 980 and bypass valve 966 areiteratively increasing opened or closed as the flow meter signals aremonitored.

Referring now to FIG. 9C, a method for controlling the feed turbocharger922 is set forth. The turbocharger 922 has the motor 960 as included inthe control. By controlling the motor the auxiliary nozzle of theturbine portion 926 is allowed to be kept open to the highest degree andthe bypass valve 964 of the turbine portion 926 may be closed as much aspossible as a set point so that feed boost can be achieved with themotor power by either adding power by rotating the shaft of the pumpportion 924 and turbine portion 926 for more boost or extracting powerfrom the rotor of the turbocharger 922 to reduce the amount of boost.That is, in FIG. 9C when the permeate flow from FM1 is too high (above afifth threshold) the auxiliary valve 982 is closed and the bypass valve964 is open. Boost may be reduced from using the motor 960. When thepermeate flow Q_(p) is too high as indicated by the flow meter FM1, theauxiliary valve 982 is closed and the bypass valve 964 of theturbocharger 922 is opened. Boost may be reduced by using the motor 960to extract power from the rotor of the turbocharger 922. As indicated inthe second row of FIG. 9C when the permeate flow Q_(p) is too low (abovea sixth threshold) as indicated by the flow meter FM1, the auxiliaryvalve 982 is opened and the bypass valve 964 is closed. Boost may beincreased by adding power to the motor 960 which in turn increases therotational speed of the shaft 961 of the turbocharger 922. When thebrine flow Q_(b) is too high (above a seventh threshold) as set forth inthe third row of FIG. 9C, the auxiliary valve 982 is closed and thebypass valve 964 is closed while the brine flow restriction isincreased. When the brine flow is low (below an eighth threshold) theauxiliary valve 982 is open and the bypass valve 964 is open. Thus, thebrine flow restriction may be reduced.

Referring now to FIG. 10, a summary of the method for controlling theenergy recovery devices such as the turbochargers in the various stagesare set forth. In step 1010 the bypass valve setting for the final stageturbocharger is determined by its controller. In step 1014 the P_(ex)for the final stage is determined. This may be calculated or may use amathematical model 1016 as an optional input. When a mathematical model1016 is used the membrane performance may be approximated. The valvesmay be iteratively moved toward the determined setup in step 1018. Thus,the controller may reduce the number of valve adjustment iterations bysaving time for the membrane array to reach the desired operatingconditions. In step 1020 the P_(t) for the previous turbocharger stagesis determined. In the example set forth in FIG. 9A this corresponds toturbocharger 922. In the turbine inlet P_(t) . In step 1022 if all ofthe turbocharger valve positions are not done, step 1020 is repeateduntil all the turbocharger valve positions after all the turbochargervalve positions have been determined step 1022 is again repeated. Thevalves are continually moved toward the determined settings iteratively.

Referring now to FIG. 11, various unanticipated conditions may bepresented in which the brine pressure may be insufficient to achieve thedesired boost. The controller may change the average flux requirement.In step 1110 it is determined whether the brine pressure is sufficient,to achieve the desired boost. If the brine pressure is sufficient normaloperating conditions such as that set forth in FIG. 10 are performed. Instep 1112 the average flux requirement is reduced by the controller toreduce the brine flow available for each stage. In step 1114 the feedboost for each stage is reduced by the controller. In step 1116 theaverage flux rate is recalculated by the controller for the system. Instep 1118 the valves are adjusted. Step 1110 is then again performedafter 1118. Interim adjustments will continue. It should be noted thatthe unanticipated conditions may reduce the permeate production in rarecases. However, the membrane array will be operating at a minimum energyconsumption and the membranes will be protected against excessivefouling.

The energy recovery devices set forth in the above examples may have acustomized hydraulic design such that the hydraulic range overlaps asmuch as possible in the anticipated flow and the pressure ranges. Thus,the maximum energy recovery is obtainable and excepted permeatereduction is achieved under normal operating conditions. For theinterstage energy recovery devices when motors are not used, only onecombination of auxiliary valve and bypass valve positions for anyparticular feed boost and brine flow rate suitable. For the feed energyrecovery device (the first stage), the required pressure for the firststate is assured by use of a motorized energy recovery device or avariable discharge pressure from the high pressure pump. That is, themotor 960 may be coupled to the high pressure pump 920 so that a variedamount of pressure boost may be easily controlled into the firstpressure vessel 930.

Referring now to FIG. 12A, the system of FIG. 9A has been modified toinclude an alternate location for various the flow meters. The flowmeters FM1 and FM2 in FIG. 9A are in the direct permeate stream. Thedetermination of the amount of permeate being produced by each of thestages is important. However, the permeate may also be measured by analternate location for the first flow meter at FM1′. FM1′ is the totalflow of permeate through the system. If the overall permeate flow isknown and all the other permeate streams are known except for one, theother permeate stream may be determined by subtraction. That is, to findthe amount of permeate generated in FIG. 12A, FM1′ minus FM2 may be usedto obtain the permeate from the first stage.

Another difference in FIG. 12A is the location of the determination ofthe overall flow of the system. The overall flow entering the system isthe same as leaving the system. That is, in FIG. 9A, flow meter FM3measures the amount of brine generated in the last stage that togetherwith the overall permeate flow may be used to obtain the amount of fluidentering the system. In FIG. 12A, the flow meter FM3′ may replace flowmeter FM3 and thus the amount of flow to the system Q_(f) may bedetermined. The amount of brine from the last stage may be obtained bysubtracting the permeate output Qptot amount from the flow meter FM3′.

Another difference in FIG. 12A is that the high pressure pump 920 may becontrolled by a variable frequency drive. Although not illustrated, thecontroller 970 is used to control the frequency of the variablefrequency drive which changes the speed of the high pressure pump 920.

The bypass valves illustrated in FIG. 9A are not illustrated in FIG.12A. It should be understood that external bypass valves may be used inthe control. However, the control may use internal bypass valves asillustrated in FIGS. 7A-8B.

Another difference from FIG. 9A is the incorporation of a variablefrequency drive 1210. The operation of the variable frequency drive iscontrolled by the controller 970. To adjust the control of the variablefrequency drive 1210, the frequency commanded by the controller 970 maychange.

Referring now to FIG. 12B, the operation of the system is set forth.When the total flow of permeate Qptot is high, the controller 970commands the variable frequency drive 1210 to reduce the frequency tothe high pressure pump to decrease the speed of the high pressure pump920. Thus, the overall feed pressure decreases. When the overall flow ofpermeate is permeate Qptot is low, the frequency of the variablefrequency drive 1210 is increased and the high pressure pump increasesin speed to increase the feed pressure.

When the permeate flow from the second stage Qp2 is high, the actuatorof the nozzle 980 closes and the turbine nozzle of the turbine 944 isclosed to increase the brine resistant. When the permeate flow from thesecond stage Qp2 is low, the actuator for the nozzle valve 970 iscommanded to open and thus the turbine nozzle at the turbine 944 isopened to decrease the brine resistant.

When the flow of brine from the last stage Qr is high, the actuatorassociated with the nozzle valve 982 is commanded to close which closesthe turbine nozzle within the turbine 926 which increases the resistantof the brine.

When the amount of brine flow is low, the actuator associated with thenozzle valve 982 is opened and thus the turbine nozzle is opened todecrease the resistant of brine. The amount of flow Qr through theturbines 926, 944 are the same.

The amount of brine bypass thus is increased or decreased depending onthe opening of the turbine nozzle. When the turbine 944 needs to provideextra boost to maintain the permeate flow Qp2, a nozzle is restricted toincrease the change in pressure and thus provide more boost so that Qris kept the same despite a restricted nozzle. A restricted nozzle atturbine 944 means that the change in pressure on the turbine 926 isreduced to increase the change in pressure for the turbine 944. Areduction of the pressure drop on turbine 926 automatically occurs bythe controller 970 to open the nozzle 982 to keep the brine flowconstant.

When turbine 944 needs to provide less boost to maintain Qp2, the nozzlesize is increased to reduce the turbine pressure drop to provide lessboost. However, Qr needs to kept the same despite the lower flowrestriction. To accomplish this, the nozzle 980 is opened so that thepressure drop at turbine portion 926 is increased to reduce the pressuredrop at turbine 944. An increase in the pressure drop at turbine 926automatically occurs with the controller 970 command to close the nozzleat turbine 926 to keep the brine flow constant.

Referring now to FIG. 13A, the system of FIG. 12A has been modified. Themodification corresponds to the use of a variable frequency drive 1310and a motor 1312 coupled to the turbocharger 922, thus the controlvelocity is the same except that the pressure provided by theturbocharger 922 is controlled by a signal from the controller 970 tothe variable frequency drive 1310 to drive the motor 1312 attached tothe rotating portion of the pump and turbine. The variable frequencydrive 1210 is thus optional. That is, the high pressure pump 920 canprovide a “base” level of pressure increase to the feed stream which canthen be adjusted by changing the speed of the pump portion 924 coupledto the turbine portion 926 of the turbocharger 922.

Referring now to FIG. 13B, when the overall permeate flow Qptot is high,the controller 970 reduces the frequency controlled by the variablefrequency drive 1310 to decrease the speed of the turbine 926 ofturbocharger 922 which decreases the feed pressure. When the overallpermeate flow Qptot is low, the frequency commanded by the controller970 to the variable frequency drivepre 1310 is increased to increase thespeed of the rotor of turbocharger 922 which, in turn, increases thefeed pressure through the pump 924.

When the second stage permeate flow Qp2 is high, the actuator associatedwith the turbine nozzle is commanded to close which closes the valve 980and thus increases the brine resistance. When the permeate flow Qp2 islow, the actuator of the nozzle 980 is commanded to open which opens thenozzle of the turbine 944 which, in turn, decreases the brineresistance. When the overall brine from the last stage is high, theactuator associated with the nozzle 982 is commanded to close which, inturn, closes the nozzle of the turbine 926 which increases theresistance of the brine through the system. When the flow of brine islow, the actuator of the nozzle 982 is commanded to open which, in turn,opens the turbine nozzle associated with the turbine 926 which decreasesthe brine resistant of the system.

Referring now to FIG. 14, the system illustrated in FIGS. 12A or 13A mayhave additional stages. In FIG. 14, a third stage has been added.However, many more stages may also be added. However, when multiplestages are added, not all of the stages may require a turbochargertherebetween. To add a third stage, a fourth permeate flow meter FM4 isadded to a third pressure vessel 1408. That is, the permeate output ofthe pressure vessel 1408 corresponds to the output signal of the flowmeter FM4. As mentioned above, the overall flow rate of the system maybe determined by a flow meter at each of the permeate outlets or by apermeate flow meter at each of the outlets except one and by an overallflow rate measuring Qptot. The sum of the permeate signals except themissing one can be subtracted from the flow associated with flow meterFM1′ to determining the unknown permeate flow.

In the example set forth in FIG. 14, the inlet 1406 to the pressurevessel 1408 is received through the pump 1412 of the turbocharger 1410which is the brine from the brine outlet 954 of the pressure vessel 936.

The nozzle 1420 receives brine from the final pressure vessel 1408 fromthe brine outlet 1422 of the pressure vessel 1408. The brine, throughthe nozzle 1420, is communicated through the turbine portion 1414 of theturbocharger 1410 which, in turn, is communicated to the turbine 944 ofthe turbine 940. The remainder of the system operates the same.

As mentioned above, the turbine T2 may be eliminated and thus the brineoutlet 938 may be coupled to the inlet 946 of the pressure vessel 936and the turbine 1414 may be coupled directly to the turbine 926. Insystems with more than three pressure vessels, the number of turbinesmay be changed to correspond to the amount of brine pressure and inletpressures at each of the stages. In some situations, a motor may bedesired to be used as set forth below

Referring now to FIG. 15A, a pump 1510 coupled to a motor 1512 and avariable frequency drive 1514 may be used to replace the turbocharger940 illustrated in FIG. 14. That is, by controlling the frequency of theturbocharger, the desired inlet pressure to one or more pressure vesselsmay be increased to allow the system to ultimately generate the desiredamount of brine and permeate. In systems with more than three stages,some stages may have no turbocharger or pump while some stages mayinclude a pump like 1510 between two pressure vessels. As is illustratedin FIG. 15, the brine thus bypasses the pump 1510 and the brine from twoconsecutive turbochargers are thus connected together and ultimatelyprovide the overall brine outlet Qr.

Referring now to FIG. 15B, “X” refers to a stage. X=1 for the firststage, X=2 for the second stage and so on. As mentioned above, a numberof stages may be provided. The turbocharger T1 is located between thehigh pressure pump and stage 1. TX represents each successiveturbostages wherein T2 is between stages 1 and 2 and T3 is betweenstages 2 and 3, etc. The target values for the final stage of brine flowQrX and permeate flow per stage QpX and the logic is summarized in FIG.15B.

The variable frequency drive is adjusted in the control loop 1 to reachthe set point of the total permeate production Qptot. A higher speed formore permeate and lower speed is provided for less permeate. In thesecond loop, the actuator is adjusted to reach the set point for QpX.The T1 actuator, or the first actuator, is adjusted to reach the setpoint for QrX for the brine flow through the final stage. That is, inthe first control loop, an increase or decrease of the frequency of thehigh pressure pump decreases or increases the speed and pressure of thehigh speed pump accordingly. The turbine nozzle in the various stagesare opened or closed to increase or decrease the brine pressure. Withrespect to the final stage, the actuator is commanded to be open orclosed for the turbine 926. The brine pressure is increased when theturbine nozzle is closed and decreases when the turbine nozzle is open.Each of the middle stages corresponds to “control loop X” and becontrolled accordingly.

The high pressure pump for all of the examples set forth may be adjustedfor various conditions such as the feed temperature. A colder feedtemperature requires more pressure for a given Qptot. Likewise, the feedsalinity may change the high pressure pump speed. Higher salinityrequires more pressure for a given Qptot. When the membrane begins tofoul over time, more pressure is required at the high pressure pump fora given quantity of permeate output Qptot. Also, merely sitting a higherpermeate production requirement will require a higher pressure.

Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoingdescription that the broad teachings of the disclosure can beimplemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this disclosureincludes particular examples, the true scope of the disclosure shouldnot be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to theskilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, the specification andthe following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A reverse osmosis system comprising: a feed pumpoperable to pressurize a feed stream; a first membrane array configuredto receive the feed stream and to generate a first permeate stream and afirst brine stream from the feed stream; a second membrane arrayconfigured to receive the first brine stream and to generate a secondpermeate stream and a second brine stream from the first brine stream; afirst turbocharger comprising a first turbine configured to receive thesecond brine stream and to use first energy from the second brine streamto selectively increase a first pressure of the first brine stream, saidfirst turbine comprising a first turbocharger housing comprising a firstbypass passage associated with a first bypass valve, a first main nozzlecommunicating a first part of a first portion of the second brine streamto a first volute and a first auxiliary nozzle comprising a firstauxiliary valve selectively communicating a second part of the firstportion of the second brine stream to the first volute; a second portionof the second brine stream is communicated through the first bypassvalve and wherein the first portion and second portion combine to reformthe second brine stream; a second turbocharger comprising a secondturbine configured to receive the second brine stream after the firstturbocharger and to use second energy from the second brine stream toincrease a second pressure of the feed stream, said second turbinecomprising a second turbocharger housing comprising a second bypasspassage associated with a second bypass valve, a second main nozzlecommunicating a first part of a third portion of the second brine streamto a second volute and a second auxiliary nozzle comprising a secondauxiliary valve selectively communicating a second part of the thirdportion of the second brine stream to the second volute; a fourthportion of the second brine stream is communicated through the secondbypass valve; a first flow meter generating a first flow signal; asecond flow meter generating a second flow signal wherein the first flowsignal and the second flow signal are indicative of a first flow of thefirst permeate stream and a second flow of the second permeate stream; athird flow meter generating a third flow signal corresponding to a thirdflow of the feed stream or the brine stream; a motor coupled to the feedpump or the second turbine; and a controller in communication with thefirst flow meter, the second flow meter, and the third flow meter, saidcontroller controlling the first auxiliary valve, the first bypassvalve, the second auxiliary valve and the second bypass valve and themotor in response to the first flow signal, the second flow signal andthe third flow signal.
 2. The reverse osmosis system of claim 1 whereinthe motor is coupled to a variable frequency drive and wherein thecontroller controls the variable frequency drive.
 3. The reverse osmosissystem of claim 2 wherein the motor is coupled to the feed pump.
 4. Thereverse osmosis system of claim 2 wherein the motor is coupled to thesecond turbocharger.
 5. The reverse osmosis system of claim 1 whereinthe first flow meter is disposed in the first permeate stream, thesecond flow meter is disposed in the second permeate stream.
 6. Thereverse osmosis system of claim 1 wherein the third flow meter isdisposed in the feed stream.
 7. The reverse osmosis system of claim 1further comprising a first valve stem forming both the first bypassvalve and the first auxiliary valve and further comprising second valvestem forming both the second bypass valve and the second auxiliaryvalve.
 8. The reverse osmosis system of claim 7 wherein the first valvestem comprises a first port coupled therethrough so that when the firstauxiliary nozzle is partially opened, a portion of bypass fluid bypassesthe turbine through the first port.
 9. The reverse osmosis system ofclaim 8 wherein the first port comprises a plurality of ports disposedin parallel, said plurality of ports sequentially opening as the firstvalve stem moves to open the first auxiliary nozzle.
 10. The reverseosmosis system of claim 1 further comprising a first valve stemselectively closing the first auxiliary nozzle and a second valve stemselectively closing the first bypass passage.
 11. The reverse osmosissystem of claim 10 wherein said first valve stem and said second valvestem are independently controllable using the controller.
 12. Thereverse osmosis system of claim 10 wherein said first valve stem andsaid second valve stem are perpendicularly disposed.
 13. The reverseosmosis system of claim 10 further comprising a third valve stemselectively closing the second auxiliary nozzle and a fourth valve stemselectively closing the second bypass passage.
 14. The reverse osmosissystem of claim 13 wherein said third valve stem and said fourth valvestem are independently controllable using the controller.
 15. A methodfor operating a reverse osmosis system, the method comprising: directinga feed stream to a first membrane array to separate the feed stream intoa first permeate stream and a first brine stream; directing the firstbrine stream to a second membrane array to separate the first brinestream into a second permeate stream and a second brine stream;generating a first flow signal and a second flow signal determining afirst flow in the first permeate stream and a second flow in a secondpermeate stream from the first flow signal and the second flow signal;determining a third flow signal corresponding to a third flow in thesecond brine stream or the feed stream; receiving the second brinestream at a first turbine of a first turbocharger, said first turbinecomprising a first turbocharger housing comprising a first bypasspassage associated with a first bypass valve, a first main nozzle and afirst auxiliary nozzle; communicating a first part of a first portion ofthe second brine stream to a first volute through the first main nozzle;selectively communicating a second part of the first portion of thesecond brine stream to the first volute through a first auxiliary valveof the first auxiliary nozzle; communicating a second portion of thesecond brine stream through the first bypass valve; and combining thefirst portion and second portion combine to reform the second brinestream; determining a first auxiliary nozzle valve setting and a firstbypass valve setting in response to the first flow signal and the thirdflow signal; receiving the second brine stream at a second turbine of asecond turbocharger, said second turbine comprising a secondturbocharger housing comprising a second bypass passage associated witha second bypass valve, a second main nozzle and a second auxiliarynozzle; communicating a first part of a third portion of the secondbrine stream to a second volute through the second main nozzle;selectively communicating a second part of the third portion of thesecond brine stream to the second volute through a second auxiliaryvalve of the second auxiliary nozzle; communicating a fourth portion ofthe second brine stream through the second bypass valve; determining asecond auxiliary nozzle valve setting and a second bypass valve settingin response to the second flow signal and the third flow signal; andcontrolling the second turbocharger or a feed pump to adjust an amountof pressure provided by the feed stream in response to the first flowsignal.
 16. The method of claim 15 further comprising independentlycontrolling the first auxiliary nozzle and the first nozzle valve withina controller.
 17. The method of claim 15 further comprisingsimultaneously controlling the first auxiliary nozzle and the firstnozzle valve with a controller.
 18. The method of claim 15 wherein thestep of determining the second auxiliary nozzle valve setting and asecond bypass setting comprises iteratively determining the secondauxiliary valve setting and the second bypass valve setting.
 19. Themethod of claim 15 wherein when the first flow signal is above a firstthreshold reducing boost of the first turbocharger by closing a firstauxiliary nozzle valve and opening a first bypass valve.
 20. The methodof claim 19 wherein when the first flow signal is below a secondthreshold increasing boost of the first turbocharger by opening thefirst auxiliary nozzle valve and opening the first bypass valve.
 21. Themethod of claim 20 wherein when the third flow signal is above a thirdthreshold, increasing brine flow restriction by closing the firstauxiliary nozzle valve and closing the first bypass valve.
 22. Themethod of claim 21 wherein when the third flow signal is below a fourththreshold, reducing brine flow restriction opening the first auxiliaryvalve and opening the first bypass valve.
 23. The method of claim 22wherein when the second flow signal is above a fifth threshold, reducingpressure boost of a second hydraulic turbocharger by closing a secondauxiliary nozzle and opening a second bypass valve.
 24. The method ofclaim 23 wherein when the second flow signal is below a sixth threshold,increasing boost of the second hydraulic turbocharger by opening thesecond auxiliary valve and closing the second bypass valve.
 25. Themethod of claim 24 wherein when the third flow signal is above a sevenththreshold, increasing brine flow restriction by closing the secondauxiliary valve and closing the second bypass valve.
 26. The method ofclaim 25 wherein when the third flow signal is below an eighththreshold, reducing brine flow restriction by opening the secondauxiliary valve and opening the second bypass valve.
 27. A reverseosmosis system comprising: a feed pump operable to pressurize a feedstream; a first membrane array configured to receive the feed stream andto generate a first permeate stream and a first brine stream from thefeed stream; a second membrane array configured to receive the firstbrine stream and to generate a second permeate stream and a second brinestream from the first brine stream; a third membrane array configured toreceive the second brine stream and to generate a third permeate streamand a third brine stream from the first brine stream; a firstturbocharger comprising a first turbine configured to receive the thirdbrine stream and to use first energy from the third brine stream toselectively increase a first pressure of the second brine stream, saidfirst turbine comprising a first turbocharger housing comprising a firstbypass passage associated with a first bypass valve, a first main nozzlecommunicating a first part of a first portion of the third brine streamto a first volute and a first auxiliary nozzle comprising a firstauxiliary valve selectively communicating a second part of the firstportion of the third brine stream to the first volute; a second portionof the third brine stream is communicated through the first bypass valveand wherein the first portion and the second portion combine to reformthe third brine stream; a second turbocharger comprising a secondturbine configured to receive the third brine stream after the firstturbocharger and to use second energy from the third brine stream toselectively increase a second pressure of the first brine stream, saidsecond turbine comprising a second turbocharger housing comprising asecond bypass passage associated with a second bypass valve, a secondmain nozzle communicating a first part of a third portion of the thirdbrine stream to a second volute and a second auxiliary nozzle comprisinga second auxiliary valve selectively communicating a second part of thethird portion of the third brine stream to the second volute; a fourthportion of the third brine stream is communicated through the secondbypass valve and wherein the third portion and the fourth portioncombine to reform the third brine stream; a third turbochargercomprising a third turbine configured to receive the third brine streamafter the first turbocharger and second turbocharger and to use thirdenergy from the third brine stream to increase a third pressure of thefeed stream, said third turbine comprising a third turbocharger housingcomprising a third bypass passage associated with a third bypass valve,a third main nozzle communicating a first part of a fifth portion of thethird brine stream to a third volute and a third auxiliary nozzlecomprising a third auxiliary valve selectively communicating a secondpart of the fifth portion of the third brine stream to the third volute;a sixth portion of the third brine stream is communicated through thethird bypass valve; a first flow meter generating a first flow signal; asecond flow meter generating a second flow signal; a third flow metergenerating a third flow signal; wherein the first flow signal, thesecond flow signal and the third flow signal are indicative of a firstflow of the first permeate stream, a second flow of the second permeatestream and the third flow of the third permeate stream; a fourth flowmeter generating a fourth flow signal corresponding to a fourth flow ofthe feed stream or the brine stream; a motor coupled to the feed pump orthe third turbocharger; and a controller in communication with the firstflow meter, the second flow meter, and the third flow meter, saidcontroller controlling the first auxiliary valve, the first bypassvalve, the second auxiliary valve and the second bypass valve and themotor in response to the first flow signal, the second flow signal, thethird flow signal and the fourth flow signal.
 28. The reverse osmosissystem of claim 27 wherein the first flow meter is disposed in the firstpermeate stream, the second flow meter is disposed in the secondpermeate stream and the third flow meter is disposed in the thirdpermeate stream.
 29. The reverse osmosis system of claim 27 wherein thefourth flow meter is disposed in the feed stream.
 30. The reverseosmosis system of claim 27 wherein the motor is coupled to a variablefrequency drive and wherein the controller controls the variablefrequency drive.
 31. The reverse osmosis system of claim 30 wherein themotor is coupled to the feed pump.
 32. The reverse osmosis system ofclaim 30 wherein the motor is coupled to the third turbocharger.
 33. Areverse osmosis system comprising: a pump operable to pressurize a feedstream; a plurality of membrane arrays, each of the plurality ofmembrane arrays comprising an inlet, a permeate outlet and a brineoutlet, a first membrane array of the plurality of membrane arrayreceiving a feed stream at a first inlet, generating a first brinestream, a and generating a first permeate stream; at least one middlemembrane array configured to receive a previous brine stream at theinput, and generate at least one middle permeate stream; a last membranearray generating a last brine stream and a last permeate stream, whereinthe at least one middle membrane array is fluidically between the firstmembrane array and the last membrane array; at least one turbochargercomprising at least one turbine configured to receive the last brinestream and to use energy from the last brine stream to selectivelyincrease a first pressure of the brine stream of at least one of thefirst membrane array, the last membrane array and the at least onemiddle membrane array, wherein the at least one turbine comprising atleast one turbocharger housing comprising at least one bypass passageassociated with at least one bypass valve, at least one main nozzlecommunicating a first part of a first portion of the last brine streamto a first volute and a first auxiliary nozzle comprising a firstauxiliary valve selectively communicating a second part of the firstportion of the last brine stream to the first volute; a second portionof the last brine stream is communicated through the at least one bypassvalve and wherein the first portion and second portion combine to reformthe last brine stream; a plurality of flow meters for determining firstflow signals corresponding to flows in the first permeate stream, atleast one middle flow signal corresponding to flow in at least onemiddle permeate stream and a last flow signal corresponding to permeatein the last permeate stream; a feed or brine flow meter generating afeed or brine flow signal corresponding to a feed or brine stream flow;and a controller in communication with the plurality of flow meters andthe feed or brine flow meter, said controller controlling the firstauxiliary valve and the first bypass valve in response to the first flowsignals, the feed or brine flow signal and the at least one middle flowsignal.
 34. The reverse osmosis system as recited in claim 33 comprisinga motor coupled to the feed pump wherein the controller controls themotor in response to the first flow signal, the feed or brine flowsignal and the at least one middle flow signal.
 35. The reverse osmosissystem of claim 34 wherein the motor is coupled to a variable frequencydrive and wherein the controller controls the variable frequency drive.36. The reverse osmosis system of claim 35 wherein the motor is coupledto the feed pump.
 37. The reverse osmosis system of claim 35 wherein themotor is coupled to the at least one turbocharger.